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Deprogramming refers to coercive measures to force a person in a controversial belief system to change those beliefs and abandon allegiance to the religious, political, economic, or social group associated with the belief system.〔''Encyclopedia of religion, Volume 4 '', Lindsay Jones , Macmillan Reference USA, 2005, pages 2291-2293〕〔''Children held hostage: dealing with programmed and brainwashed children'', American Bar Association archive publications, Authors Stanley S. Clawar, Brynne V. Rivlin, American Bar Association. Section of Family Law Publisher Section of Family Law, American Bar Association, 1991 ISBN 0-89707-628-1, ISBN 978-0-89707-628-9, pages 142-144〕 Methods and practices of self-identified "deprogrammers" have involved kidnapping, false imprisonment, and coercion, and sometimes resulted in criminal convictions of the deprogrammers. Classic deprogramming regimens are designed for individuals taken against their will, which has led to controversies over freedom of religion, kidnapping, and civil rights, as well as the violence which is sometimes involved.〔Keiko Ikemoto, Masakazu Nakamura, Forced deprogramming from a religion and mental health: A case report of PTSD, International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, Volume 27, Issue 2, March–April 2004, Pages 147-155, ISSN 0160-2527, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2004.01.005.〕 ==Background== As a technique, the deprogramming that has been practiced over the last half century has been typically commissioned by relatives, often parents of adult offspring, who objected to the subject's membership in an organization or group. It has been compared to exorcisms in both methodology and manifestation,〔Anson D. Shupe, JR, Roger Spielmann, and Sam Stigall Deprogramming: The New Exorcism American Behavioral Scientist July 1977 20: 941-956, doi:10.1177/000276427702000609〕 and the process sometimes has been performed with tacit support of law enforcement and judicial officials.〔Bromley, David Melton, J. Gordon 2002. Cults, Religion, and Violence. West Nyack, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.〕〔 In response to a burgeoning number of new religious movements in the 1970s in the United States, the "father of deprogramming", Ted Patrick, introduced many of these techniques to a wider audience as a means to combat cults.〔Chryssides, G.D. and B.E. Zeller. 2014. The Bloomsbury Companion to New Religious Movements: BLOOMSBURY PUBLISHING.〕 Since then, deprogrammings have been carried out "by the thousands".〔Reflexivity and objectivity in the study of controversial new religions James T Richardson Religion Vol. 21, Iss. 4, 1991〕 For example, various atrocity stories served as justification for deprogramming of Unification Church members in the USA.〔Kurtz, Lester R. ''Gods in the Global Village: The World's Religions in Sociological Perspective'' 2007, Pine Forge Press, ISBN 1-4129-2715-3, page 228〕 As a technique for encouraging people to disassociate with groups with whom they have as consenting adults chosen to associate, deprogramming is a controversial practice. Even some cult critics have denounced it on legal and ethical grounds.〔Langone, Michael D., and Paul R. Martin. "Viewpoint: Deprogramming, Exit Counseling, and Ethics: Clarifying the Confusion." Christian Research Institute Journal (30 June 1994) (1993 ): page 46 (Retrieved 26 April 2014)〕 Similar actions, when done without force, have been referred to as "exit counseling". Sometimes the word ''deprogramming'' is used in a wider (and/or ironic or humorous sense), to mean the freeing of someone (often oneself) from any previously uncritically assimilated idea. According to Carol Giambalvo, "exit councillors are usually former cult members themselves". Various academics have commented on the practice. For example, as defined by James T. Richardson, UNLV Professor of Sociology and Judicial Studies and Director of the Grant Sawyer Center for Justice Studies, deprogramming is a "private, self-help process whereby participants in unpopular new religious movements (NRMs) were forcibly removed from the group, incarcerated, and put through radical resocialization processes that were supposed to result in their agreeing to leave the group."〔Richardson, James T. 2011. "Deprogramming: from private self-help to governmental organized repression." Crime, Law and Social Change 55 (4): 321-336.〕 Law professor Douglas Laycock, author of ''Religious Liberty: The free exercise clause'', wrote: Beginning in the 1970s, many parents responded to the initial conversion with "deprogramming." The essence of deprogramming was to physically abduct the convert, isolate him and physically restrain him, and barrage him with continuous arguments and attacks against his new religion, threatening to hold him forever until he agreed to leave it.〔Laycock, D. 2011. ''Religious Liberty: The free exercise clause''. W.B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=bEiwxUad97IC. Lawyer John LeMoult, writing in a law review journal, described such practices as the person subject to deprogramming being "seized, held against his will, subjected to mental, emotional, and even physical pressures until he renounces his beliefs", and compared this power to that of Nazis over their prisoners.〔 Legal scholar Dean M. Kelley called deprogramming "protracted spiritual gang-rape".〔Dean Kelley, "Deprogramming and Religious Liberty", ''Civil Liberties Review'' 23 (July/August 1977)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Deprogramming」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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